Bioclimatology of thermal comfort in the state of São Paulo

Abstract

This study analyzes the evolution of the UTCI between 1979 and 2024, considering both the urban area of the city of São Paulo and the state scale, based on ERA5-HEAT reanalysis data. The research investigates annual thermal variations and the influence of elevation on discomfort patterns. A statistically significant warming trend and an abrupt change in 2014 were identified. The most critical years presented high levels of thermal stress, highlighting the effects of urban and regional warming on the outdoor environment.